Class of society in the early modern period

The urban class just not emerges as class of society in the early modern period but this class reexamines the religious value and religion. Everywhere reform movement have come earlier but in the 16^th and 17^th centuries they fully saturate society , often creating great social upheavals, and they become linked with vast and truly far-flung missionary movements and activists commonly moving hand in hand with trade and carrying as an ingredient the values of the urban commercial classes. The new urban man is not content with the decayed spirtual content of his religious institution. He believes more firmly than did his medieval forerunner in the validity of his own perception. Reformation, counter reformation-eastern orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism these distinctions have confused us when we look Europe in this period. In the Muslim world, central Islamic authority has disappeared. In 1500 the political reemergence of Shi’ism ,embodied in the Safawiyya , a Sufi order , splits Islam in half .the worldliness and moral laxity of the high ulema at princely courts offend the common man . And this intricate in and outs of Islamic jurisprudence seem baffling and irrelevant to him so he turn instead to the Sufi order affiliate with trade guild. This is precisely the period when Buddhism was decaying which lead to a reform movement in the leadership of the Yellow sect .the Yellow reforms stimulate a new self criticism and reorganization of the unreformed monastic communities under the leadership of the red sect. this period was also marked as the time of Rawshanniya among the Afghans, the Mahdawiyya among the Indian Muslim, the Sikhs movement in north India and the “high tide” of the bhakti movement among the Hindus.